对友情,或友爱,的定义和分类上,我见过最好的是亚里士多德的理论。在《尼各马可伦理学》第八、第九卷中可以找到 (廖申白译本):
友爱是一种德性,是生活最必需的东西之一。友爱产生于双方都希望对方好,而且要相互了解对方的善意。这种善意产生于三种可爱的事物:对方本身的好品德,享乐,和现实用处。由于这三种原因彼此不同,基于它们产生的友爱也彼此不同 (1156a3-8):
- 完善的友爱:是好人和在德性上相似的人之间的友爱。是基于互相自身之故而存在。朋友享受互相的品德
- 这是原本的、严格意义上的友爱,因为这是唯一基于朋友自身之故的友爱(1156b5-15, 1157a30)
- 这之存在于好人之间(不好的人哪里来德性令人爱呢?)
- 这是持久的,最令人愉悦的,并且又相互有用的友爱
- 这样的友爱是罕见的,建立也需要时间 (1156b24-25)
- 愉乐友爱:存在基于通过朋友追求自己的愉快,是因为朋友能够提供某种快乐
- 例如一起登山的驴友
- 好处友爱:存在基于通过朋友追求对自己有用的什么东西,是因为朋友能够提供某种好处
- 例如商务关系
- 追求享乐、有用的友爱之所以称为“友爱”是因为它们类似完善的友爱的一些特性。其中愉乐友爱比好处友爱更接近完善友爱。(1157a30-35)
Aristotle's account of friendship and its different types is the best I have come across. We can find it in Books VIII and IX of the Nicomachean Ethics (Ross translation):
To be friends is to be mutually recognized as bearing goodwill and wishing well to each other for one of three reasons, which are the three objects of love: the good, the pleasant, and the useful. These reasons differ from each other in kind; accordingly, so do the corresponding kinds of friendship (1156a3-8):
- Friendship of the good: exists because of you and your friend's goodness/virtue. You delight in each other's character.
- This is the only proper, unqualified friendship, because it is the only friendship that exists in virtue of the friends themselves (i.e., their goodness) (1156b5-15, 1157a30)
- Only exists between virtuous people
- It is permanent, the most pleasurable, and the most useful.
- It is rare, and it takes time to build. Good men are rare; two good men together is even rarer. (1156b24-25)
- Friendship of pleasure: exists because friend brings pleasure/enjoys the same pleasurable things as you do.
- E.g., hiking buddies.
- Friendship of utility: exists because friend is useful. Brings you some practical advantage.
- E.g. business relationships
- Both friendship of pleasure and friendship of utility are called friendship because they resemble aspects of the friendship of the good. (1157a30-35)
投票 Poll
请问您享有哪种友爱?可多选。欢迎留言!
What type(s) of friendship do you have? Comment below!
- 完善的友爱 Friendship of the Good/Virtue
- 愉乐友爱 Friendship of Pleasure
- 好处友爱 Friendship of Utility
0 投票人
亚里士多德说完善的友爱很罕见。请问您在现实生活中见过完善的友爱吗?
Aristotle says that friendship of the good is rare. Have you seen it in real life?